In total, we performed 362 individual micro-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (μFTIR) measurements on the snails and water samples. Furthermore, we examined snails from the same habitats in Helgoland, Cap Ferrat and Giglio in 2007-2009. Therefore, we examined snails and water from wave-sheltered and wave-exposed rocky intertidal habitats in Helgoland (North Sea), Cap Ferrat and Giglio (Mediterranean) and Madeira (Atlantic Ocean) in 2019-2020 for microplastics. However, information on microplastics in rocky intertidal organisms and habitats is relatively scant. As such small particles are easily ingested, microplastics are found in numerous pelagic and benthic organisms.
Microplastics (<5 mm) are emerging pollutants in oceans worldwide. The results obtained provide pioneer quantitative data on intertidal assemblages of Madeira. Temporal scales, suggesting that interactions of both physical variables and biological parameters may be influencing distribution A high variability was observed across a range of spatial and Orientation had little influence on the distribution of most taxa. Generally, assemblages moderately differed between boulders and rocky platforms whereas Included both macrofauna and macroalgae and compare their abundance and distribution in boulders and rocky platforms on different wave exposure) on intertidal assemblages of Madeira Island (NE Atlantic) across time. In this study, we adopted a mixed model sampling design to study the effects of substratum typeĪnd shore orientation (i.e. Physical environmental factors are usually considered strong structuringĮlements for these assemblages.
Understanding of population and community ecology. Rocky intertidal communities have proved to be tractable systems for experimental ecology, contributing much to our general
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